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Fare evasion, or ticket evasion as distinct from ''fare avoidance'' or ''ticket avoidance'', is the act of travelling on public transport in disregard of the law and/or regulation, having deliberately not purchased the required ticket to travel (having had the chance to do so). It is a problem in many parts of the world, and revenue protection officers operate on many systems. Often ticket barriers, manned or automatic, are in place at stations etc., to ensure only those with valid tickets may access the transport. Fare evasion and fare fraud is generally a crime in most jurisdictions. The fare not paid, compared to potential penalties and hassle, is generally considered “not worth it”.〔Battaglia, J. The MetroCard Project. In 2600 Magazine, Spring Volume, Middle Island, N.Y., 2005. Retrieved from http://sephail.net/articles/metrocard/ on June 23, 2008.〕 One method of fare evasion is jumping over the turnstiles which mark the entryway into a subway system; hence the term, “turnstile jumping”. Other methods include adults traveling on children’s tickets, or using discounted tickets or free passes that the passenger is not entitled to. The most extreme method is train surfing. Another issue occurs on the bus, passengers would either bypass the bus driver or simply enter through the rear door of the bus. This is commonly found under the New York City Bus system which causes its operators to lose millions of dollars a year. In most countries passengers board a bus from any door, validate their tickets at machines and have no contact with the driver thus increasing the potential for fare evasion. ==About== Fare evasion can be a chronic problem in transit systems, especially large systems like New York〔 or Paris. From classic turnstile “vaulting” and “slugs” instead of legitimate tokens to elaborate schemes involving stolen faregate keys, fraudulent electronic fare media, “forgetting” proof-of-payment (POP) receipts, or “two card monte” that takes advantage of fare system features, many ways exist to avoid paying fares. Indeed, industry standard revenue ‘leakage’ is reportedly 3%~6%.〔Kahn, Ric. No Fare – the MBTA Says its $203 Million System will Make Freeloaders Pay. In Boston Globe, July 2, 2006.〕 Evasion is so rampant in some cities that conversion from POP to turnstiles is being proposed〔Davis, Tom. Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Loses Millions Each Year. In the North Jersey Record, May 16, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.northjersey.com/news/93873464_Hudson-Bergen_Light_Rail_loses_millions_each_year.html on June 8, 2010.〕 or seriously considered.〔Los Angeles Metro to Test Turnstile-Gate Waters at Four Subway Stations. In Progressive Railroading, August 4, 2009. Retrieved from http://www.progressiverailroading.com/news/article.asp?id=21115 on March 31, 2010.〕 In the transit world, fare abuse studies are sometimes shrouded in utmost secrecy and treated like classified information, but it is widely discussed in popular press,〔Donohue, Peter. Cheaters Cost MTA Millions – Fare Beaters Underestimated for Years. In New York Daily News, March 16, 2010.〕〔Sims, Calvin. Fare Beaters in Subway Pay in the End, in Sweat. In New York Times, February 18, 1991.〕〔Doyle, Sue. Metro Fare Evasion a Problem. In Los Angeles Daily News, October 25, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_7283244.〕〔Gordon, Rachel. MUNI Catching 50 Percent More Fare Evaders. In San Francisco Chronicle, January 7, 2009.〕〔Haggerty, Ryan. MBTA Cracks Down, Fines Fare Evaders – says Gate Vandals Caught on Camera. In the Boston Globe, July 26, 2007.〕 local television news,〔Levine, Jay and E. Marshall. CTA Cheaters: People Ride Free At Brown Line Stop. In CBS2 Chicago Area Local News, 10:39 pm Central, Feb 16, 2010. Retrieved from http://cbs2chicago.com/local/cta.brown.line.2.1499276.html on July 4, 2010.〕〔Shaw, Chris. MARTA Jumpers Costing MARTA $3 Million a Year. In My Fox Atlanta, 10:27 pm Eastern, July 12, 2010.〕 criminal justice literature,〔Weidner, Robert R. Target-Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.〕〔Clarke, Ronald V. Fare Evasion and Automatic Ticket Collection on the London Underground. In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 1, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1993.〕〔Clarke, Ronald V., S. Contre and G. Petrossian. Deterrence and Fare Evasion: Results of a Natural Experiment. In Security Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 5~17, October 19, 2009.〕 economics research,〔Kooreman, Peter. Fare Evasion as a Result of Expected Utility Maximization – Some Empirical Support. In Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, January, 1993. Retrieved from http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=73709 on October 5, 2010.〕 and internet blogs;〔Rhodes, Michael. Fare Evasion is Down as Muni Steps Up Collection Effort. In SF.StreetsBlog, May 5, 2010. Retrieved from http://sf.streetsblog.org/2010/05/05/fare-evasionis-down-as-muni-steps-up-collection-effort/ on July 30, 2010.〕 in New York,〔〔 New Jersey,〔 Boston,〔〔 Chicago,〔 Atlanta,〔〔()〕 San Francisco,〔〔Lee, Jason. “Passes and Transfers, Please”: Uncovering Proof-of-Payment Patterns to Reduce Fare Evasion. In Press. TRB Paper #11-1589, Submitted for Publication at the Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 23–27, 2011.〕〔Rhodes, Michael. Fare Evasion is Down as Muni Steps Up Collection Effort. In SF.StreetsBlog, May 5, 2010. Retrieved from http://sf.streetsblog.org/2010/05/05/fare-evasionis-down-as-muni-steps-up-collection-effort/ on July 30, 2010.〕 Los Angeles,〔〔 Seattle,〔King County Department of Transportation. Report on Fare Evasion on Metro Transit, April 2010. Retrieved from http://metro.kingcounty.gov/am/reports/2010/FareEvasion04-10.pdf on October 5, 2010.〕 Vancouver,〔PriceWaterhouseCoopers. TransLink Fare Evasion Internal Audit, September 2007. Retrieved from http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/443139/bc_080723_fare_evasion_pwc.pdf on October 5, 2010.〕 Edmonton,〔〔Office of the City Auditor, Edmondton. 05148 – ETS Fare Evasion Review, May 10, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/CityGov/05148_Fare_Evasion_Final_Report.pdf on October 5, 2010.〕 London,〔 and Paris.〔Chu, Henry and D. Lauter. Paris Metro’s Cheaters Say Solidarity is the Ticket. In Los Angeles Times, 8:58 pm Central, June 22, 2010.〕 Four agencies (TransLink, King County Metro, Edmonton, New York) made evasion audit findings public, San Francisco (Muni) and Atlanta (MARTA) presented papers, while Toronto addressed evasion in a fare collection study,〔Toronto Transit Commission. Section 3.3: Fare Evasion. In TTC Fare Collection Study. Retrieved from http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/reports/fare.pdf on October 5, 2010.〕 at least one confidential international benchmarking study was published,〔Dauby, Laurent and Z. Kovacs. Fare Evasion in Light Rail Systems. In Transportation Research E-Circular EC-112: Light Rail Transit: A World of Applications and Opportunities, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2007.〕 and Federal Transit Administration has even requested special studies of non-farebox passengers 〔 within the context of National Transit Database ridership reporting. To understand evasion, it is imperative to first understand interactions between fare control hardware, fare tariff, and passengers. Evasion occurs when passengers gain access from unpaid to paid side by interacting with fare controls in manners inconsistent with tariff. Transit’s tariff is complex, sometimes requiring legitimate revenue passengers to defeat fare controls with behaviors that resemble evasion to casual observers. Additionally, entry procedures are not always strictly followed, though usually no actual revenue losses takes place. There are, therefore, real debates about what constitutes evasion. Different observation methodologies were used to estimate evasions: staff interviews (Edmonton), operator counts (King County Metro), surveyor counts (New York and San Francisco), and third party audits (TransLink Vancouver). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fare evasion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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